Peptide Database

ACVR2B-Fc · Bimagrumab-precursor

ACE-031 is a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of activin type IIB receptor (ACVR2B) fused to human IgG1 Fc. It acts as a myostatin/activin trap, sequestering multiple TGF-β superfamily ligands (myostatin, GDF-11, activin A) that inhibit muscle growth. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy showed significant lean muscle mass gains before being halted for safety signals (nosebleeds, telangiectasias). Related compound bimagrumab continues development.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone · Corticotropin

ACTH is a 39-amino-acid peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH. Its primary role is stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, but it also has direct melanotropic and lipolytic effects. Synthetic forms (cosyntropin) are used diagnostically for adrenal insufficiency testing. Longer-acting formulations (H.P. Acthar Gel) are approved for multiple sclerosis relapses, infantile spasms, and various inflammatory conditions.

AM

Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino-acid vasoactive peptide originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma. It is a potent vasodilator acting through CGRP receptors, promotes natriuresis, reduces inflammation, protects vascular endothelial barrier function, and enhances wound healing. Circulating AM levels rise in heart failure, sepsis, and critical illness — making it both a biomarker and emerging therapeutic target.

Ang(1-7) · A779 counter-regulatory

Angiotensin 1-7 is a 7-amino-acid peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the primary product of ACE2 enzyme activity. It opposes the vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory actions of Angiotensin II by acting on the Mas receptor — promoting vasodilation, natriuresis, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammation. Extensively studied for heart failure, hypertension, and COVID-19, it represents the counter-regulatory arm of the RAS.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide · ANF

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) is a 28-amino-acid cardiac hormone secreted by atrial cardiomyocytes in response to volume overload. It reduces blood pressure through natriuresis, vasodilation, and inhibition of the RAAS. Carperitide (synthetic ANP) is approved in Japan for acute heart failure. ANP is a key biomarker and drug target for heart failure and hypertension, studied alongside BNP and C-type natriuretic peptide.

Beta-Alanyl-N-methyl-L-histidine

Anserine is a methylated dipeptide analog of carnosine found in high concentrations in avian and fish muscle. It shares carnosine's pH-buffering and antioxidant properties but shows superior blood-brain barrier penetration. Research highlights potential for cognitive decline prevention, reduction of amyloid-beta toxicity, and improved exercise performance. It is often studied alongside carnosine for synergistic effects.

Anti-Obesity Drug 9604 · hGH Fragment 177-191

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 177-191) that retains the lipolytic properties of GH without its anabolic or diabetogenic effects. It stimulates lipolysis through β3-adrenergic receptor pathways and inhibits lipogenesis. Phase 3 trials for obesity were conducted; it has since been investigated for osteoarthritis through cartilage repair properties.

APLNR ligand · apelin-13

Apelin is an endogenous peptide that acts as the ligand for the APJ receptor (APLNR), a GPCR expressed throughout the cardiovascular system. It improves cardiac output and vascular tone through both positive inotropy and vasodilation, increases nitric oxide production, and reduces oxidative stress. Research focuses on heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and its potential to replace or complement established cardiac peptides.

Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 · Acetyl Hexapeptide-8

Argireline is a synthetic hexapeptide derived from the N-terminal sequence of SNAP-25 protein, a key component of the SNARE complex that mediates acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. It competitively inhibits neurotransmitter vesicle docking, reducing muscle contraction and expression-line formation. Often called "topical Botox," clinical studies show measurable reductions in peri-orbital wrinkle depth with consistent use.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide · Nesiritide

BNP (B-type/brain natriuretic peptide) is a 32-amino-acid hormone secreted by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to wall stress and volume overload. Clinically, it is the primary biomarker for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis. Recombinant BNP (nesiritide/Natrecor) was approved for acute decompensated heart failure, producing vasodilation and natriuresis. Research into modified natriuretic peptides continues for heart failure therapy.

Body Protection Compound 157 · PL 14736

BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from human gastric juice. It is one of the most extensively researched peptides for tissue repair, demonstrating accelerated healing of tendons, ligaments, muscle, bone, and gut lining in animal models. It appears to upregulate growth hormone receptors and promote angiogenesis at injury sites.

C₆₂H₉₈N₁₆O₂₂ · 1419.55 Da

BK · Kallidin precursor fragment

Bradykinin is a 9-amino-acid vasoactive peptide of the kinin-kallikrein system. It produces vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, pain, and inflammation by acting on B1 and B2 receptors. ACE inhibitors (a major drug class) lower blood pressure partly by preventing bradykinin degradation. Icatibant, a B2 antagonist, is approved for hereditary angioedema. Research also implicates bradykinin in COVID-19 pathology (bradykinin storm hypothesis).

Beta-Alanyl-L-Histidine · L-Carnosine

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the brain. It acts as a pH buffer in muscle (reducing acidosis during high-intensity exercise), a powerful antioxidant, an antiglycation agent (preventing protein-sugar crosslinking), and a chelator of zinc and copper. Research explores its role in aging, cognitive decline, autism, and exercise performance.

FPF 1070

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors derived from porcine brain proteins. It mimics the actions of endogenous neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, CNTF), promoting neuronal survival, synaptogenesis, and neuroplasticity. Approved in multiple countries for Alzheimer's disease, stroke recovery, and TBI, clinical trials show improvements in cognitive function, activities of daily living, and brain MRI outcomes.

CCK · CCK-8

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone produced by duodenal I-cells and neurons in the CNS. It triggers gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and potently suppresses appetite via vagal nerve CCK1 receptors. In the brain, CCK neurons modulate anxiety, pain, memory consolidation, and dopamine release. CCK antagonists are studied for anxiety and pain; CCK agonists for obesity and eating disorders.

CJC-1295 with DAC · DAC:GRF

CJC-1295 is a modified GHRH analog with a Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) that binds to serum albumin, dramatically extending its half-life compared to native GHRH. It produces sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 levels over days rather than hours. Research focuses on body composition improvements, muscle growth, and fat loss through prolonged GH axis stimulation.

C₁₅₂H₂₅₂N₄₂O₄₂S · 3647.28 Da

Hydrolyzed Collagen · Collagen Hydrolysate

Hydrolyzed collagen peptides are short-chain amino acid sequences (2–20 amino acids) produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen. Research demonstrates that specific collagen dipeptides and tripeptides (Pro-Hyp, Hyp-Gly) are absorbed intact, reach fibroblasts in skin and joints, and stimulate collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis. Meta-analyses support effects on skin elasticity, wrinkle depth, joint pain, and muscle mass when combined with resistance exercise.

Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro · AEDP

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) characterized as a cortex cytoprotective peptide in research from the St. Petersburg Institute. It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is reported to regulate neuronal gene expression, protect cortical neurons, and improve cognitive function in aging models. It is often studied alongside other peptide bioregulators from the same research group.

Cortexin polypeptide complex

Cortexin is a polypeptide complex derived from the cerebral cortex of calves or pigs, containing a mixture of neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors. Approved in Russia for stroke, TBI, epilepsy, and cognitive disorders, it exhibits neuroprotective, nootropic, and anticonvulsant properties. Research supports improvements in cognitive function, reduced neurological deficit after stroke, and accelerated recovery from brain injury. It is conceptually similar to Cerebrolysin but derived from cortical tissue.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone · Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

CRH is a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that drives the HPA axis stress response. It stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, ultimately triggering cortisol secretion. Beyond stress regulation, CRH receptors (CRHR1, CRHR2) are distributed throughout the brain and gut, mediating anxiety, depression, immune function, and GI motility. CRH antagonists are under development for anxiety, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Human Neutrophil Peptides (HNP-1, HNP-2, HNP-3) · α-defensins

Alpha-defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides secreted by neutrophils (HNP-1 to 4) and Paneth cells (HD-5, HD-6) in the small intestine. They kill bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses through membrane disruption and also function as chemokines, recruiting immune cells and bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Paneth cell alpha-defensins (HD-5, HD-6) play a critical role in shaping intestinal microbiome composition.

DDAVP · 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic vasopressin analog modified to eliminate vasopressor activity while retaining antidiuretic potency. FDA-approved for central diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), and von Willebrand disease, it achieves selective V2 receptor activation. Research explores its role in cognitive enhancement, where intranasal administration shows effects on memory consolidation.

N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide · PNB-0408

Dihexa is a small peptide derived from angiotensin IV that acts as a potent agonist at the HGF/c-Met receptor system, which mediates synaptogenesis — the formation of new synaptic connections. Animal studies suggest it may be several orders of magnitude more potent than BDNF at promoting synapse formation. Research focuses on Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline, and traumatic brain injury.

Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide · Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu

DSIP (Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide) is a nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood during electrically induced sleep. Research shows it promotes slow-wave sleep, reduces pain sensitivity, normalizes circadian rhythms, lowers cortisol, and exhibits stress-protective effects. It also stimulates LH release and may influence GH pulsatility. Multiple mechanisms of action are proposed; its receptor has not been fully characterized.