Peptide Database

Beta-Alanyl-N-methyl-L-histidine

Anserine is a methylated dipeptide analog of carnosine found in high concentrations in avian and fish muscle. It shares carnosine's pH-buffering and antioxidant properties but shows superior blood-brain barrier penetration. Research highlights potential for cognitive decline prevention, reduction of amyloid-beta toxicity, and improved exercise performance. It is often studied alongside carnosine for synergistic effects.

Beta-Alanyl-L-Histidine · L-Carnosine

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the brain. It acts as a pH buffer in muscle (reducing acidosis during high-intensity exercise), a powerful antioxidant, an antiglycation agent (preventing protein-sugar crosslinking), and a chelator of zinc and copper. Research explores its role in aging, cognitive decline, autism, and exercise performance.

Hydrolyzed Collagen · Collagen Hydrolysate

Hydrolyzed collagen peptides are short-chain amino acid sequences (2–20 amino acids) produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen. Research demonstrates that specific collagen dipeptides and tripeptides (Pro-Hyp, Hyp-Gly) are absorbed intact, reach fibroblasts in skin and joints, and stimulate collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis. Meta-analyses support effects on skin elasticity, wrinkle depth, joint pain, and muscle mass when combined with resistance exercise.

FST-344 · Follistatin isoform 344

Follistatin-344 is an isoform of follistatin, an endogenous glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes myostatin (GDF-8) and activin, thereby releasing the natural inhibition on muscle growth. Without myostatin's inhibitory signal, satellite cells proliferate and muscle fiber hypertrophy is dramatically enhanced. Gene therapy studies in animals and in rare myostatin-null humans demonstrate extreme muscle mass increases, driving significant research interest.

Growth Differentiation Factor 11 · Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11

GDF-11 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that generated significant excitement when studies reported it as a "rejuvenating factor" in young parabiosis mouse blood. Subsequent research has been highly contested — some studies suggest it reverses cardiac hypertrophy and restores skeletal muscle and neural stem cell function in aged mice, while others find it increases with age and impairs muscle regeneration. It remains one of the most debated factors in aging biology.

Long R3 IGF-1 · Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long R3

IGF-1 LR3 is a modified version of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 with an arginine substitution and 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension, which reduces binding to IGF-binding proteins and extends its half-life. It promotes muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Research explores its role in muscle wasting, recovery from injury, and anabolic signaling.

MGF · IGF-1Ec

Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) is a splice variant of the IGF-1 gene expressed in response to mechanical loading and muscle damage. Unlike systemic IGF-1, MGF activates satellite cells (muscle stem cells) to proliferate before differentiating — a critical step in muscle repair and growth. Research indicates it plays a distinct, non-overlapping role with systemic IGF-1 in tissue regeneration.

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor

PEG-MGF is a PEGylated (polyethylene glycol-modified) form of Mechano Growth Factor, designed to dramatically extend its biological half-life from minutes to days while preserving activity. PEGylation allows systemic delivery and sustained satellite cell activation without the need for local injection. Research shows enhanced muscle hypertrophy signaling compared to unmodified MGF.

Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment · Tβ4 fragment

TB-500 is a synthetic version of the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring peptide found in virtually all human cells. Research shows it promotes actin polymerization and cell migration, which accelerates wound healing, muscle repair, and vascular growth. It is particularly studied for its ability to reduce inflammation and promote cardiac tissue repair.

C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S · 4963.44 Da