The research
record for
peptide science.

ACVR2B-Fc · Bimagrumab-precursor

ACE-031 is a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of activin type IIB receptor (ACVR2B) fused to human IgG1 Fc. It acts as a myostatin/activin trap, sequestering multiple TGF-β superfamily ligands (myostatin, GDF-11, activin A) that inhibit muscle growth. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy showed significant lean muscle mass gains before being halted for safety signals (nosebleeds, telangiectasias). Related compound bimagrumab continues development.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone · Corticotropin

ACTH is a 39-amino-acid peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH. Its primary role is stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, but it also has direct melanotropic and lipolytic effects. Synthetic forms (cosyntropin) are used diagnostically for adrenal insufficiency testing. Longer-acting formulations (H.P. Acthar Gel) are approved for multiple sclerosis relapses, infantile spasms, and various inflammatory conditions.

AM

Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino-acid vasoactive peptide originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma. It is a potent vasodilator acting through CGRP receptors, promotes natriuresis, reduces inflammation, protects vascular endothelial barrier function, and enhances wound healing. Circulating AM levels rise in heart failure, sepsis, and critical illness — making it both a biomarker and emerging therapeutic target.

Ang(1-7) · A779 counter-regulatory

Angiotensin 1-7 is a 7-amino-acid peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the primary product of ACE2 enzyme activity. It opposes the vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory actions of Angiotensin II by acting on the Mas receptor — promoting vasodilation, natriuresis, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammation. Extensively studied for heart failure, hypertension, and COVID-19, it represents the counter-regulatory arm of the RAS.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide · ANF

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) is a 28-amino-acid cardiac hormone secreted by atrial cardiomyocytes in response to volume overload. It reduces blood pressure through natriuresis, vasodilation, and inhibition of the RAAS. Carperitide (synthetic ANP) is approved in Japan for acute heart failure. ANP is a key biomarker and drug target for heart failure and hypertension, studied alongside BNP and C-type natriuretic peptide.

Beta-Alanyl-N-methyl-L-histidine

Anserine is a methylated dipeptide analog of carnosine found in high concentrations in avian and fish muscle. It shares carnosine's pH-buffering and antioxidant properties but shows superior blood-brain barrier penetration. Research highlights potential for cognitive decline prevention, reduction of amyloid-beta toxicity, and improved exercise performance. It is often studied alongside carnosine for synergistic effects.

Anti-Obesity Drug 9604 · hGH Fragment 177-191

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 177-191) that retains the lipolytic properties of GH without its anabolic or diabetogenic effects. It stimulates lipolysis through β3-adrenergic receptor pathways and inhibits lipogenesis. Phase 3 trials for obesity were conducted; it has since been investigated for osteoarthritis through cartilage repair properties.

APLNR ligand · apelin-13

Apelin is an endogenous peptide that acts as the ligand for the APJ receptor (APLNR), a GPCR expressed throughout the cardiovascular system. It improves cardiac output and vascular tone through both positive inotropy and vasodilation, increases nitric oxide production, and reduces oxidative stress. Research focuses on heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and its potential to replace or complement established cardiac peptides.